易记地址 www.2025k8.com
网站首页 关于AG旗舰厅首页 产品中心 新闻动态 成功案例 荣誉资质 联系我们
咨询热线
易记地址 www.2025k8.com
地址:上海市徐汇区淮海中路1469号
邮箱:

新闻动态

当前位置: 首页 > 新闻动态

重新认识黄河:黄河水利委员会首届委员视角下的母亲河

发布时间:2025-03-31 01:08:13 点击量:

/

重新理解黄河

选举为黄河水库委员会的第一位成员

黄河是仅次于长江河和世界上第五河的中国第二长河。黄河盆地是中国文明最重要的发源地,因此黄河被中国儿童称为“母河”和“中国国家的摇篮”。

黄河起源于瑜古宗利盆地,海拔高于海平面4,500米的高度,位于Qinghai-Pibet Plateau的Bayankala山脉的北英尺。 Yogu Zongli盆地从北到南的60公里长60公里,从东到西40公里,是椭圆形的,周围是山脉和河流。盆地中有100多个小型水上乐园。水上乐园被绿草的天然牧场包围。从远处看,它看起来像无数的水晶透明珍珠嵌入了草丛中。在盆地的西南角,有一个小弹簧,面积为3至4平方米。晴朗的春水不断涌入和旋转。涌出的泉水与无数滴水融合在一起,这些滴水被从盆地浸泡,逐渐形成了大约10米宽的gurgling溪流,深约半米。与其他溪流会面后,它成为黄河源的第一个河道。

黄河盆地地图

黄河从青海地上高原向东蜿蜒,穿越了黄土高原,奥托斯高原和黄伊河平原,经过九个省份和自治区,四省和自治区,四川,甘努,甘西,ningxia,ningxia,niningxia,ninning shaanxi,shaanxi,shanxi,kenan and shanxi,shanyxi,shanand in in Ind in Ind in in Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Inds in Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Ind Inde县,山东省县。它的总长度为5,464公里,水面下降为4,480米,平均年平均径流为535亿立方米,盆地面积为795,000平方公里。其中,从Heyuan到Hekou Town,Tokto County,Inner Mongolia自治区,它是上游,长度为3,472公里。从Hekou Town到Henan省郑州市的Taohuayu,它是中途,长度为1,206公里;从Taohuayu到海河口,它是下游,长度为786公里。当河的中间部分流过黄土高原区域时,它带有大量的淤泥和沙子,水含量为每立方米35公斤。这是世界上沙质最多的河流。多年来的平均沙子运输量达到了16亿吨,相当于地球周围的27个圆圈,有一堆1米平方的地球路堤。大量淤泥的积累逐年提高了中国平原的下游,河床高于地面3至5米。一些河流区域,例如Caogang,Fengqiu,Henan,高10米。它们完全受路堤的约束。它们是世界上著名的“地面上的河流”,成为Huaihe河和Haihe River Systems之间的流域。

1947年10月,在毛泽东在北部北北北县的山昆堡起草了“中国人民解放军”之后,并提出了口号“与chiang kai-shek一起,第一次降低了中国的境地”,这是他的内心和下降的地方,所以他很难平静下来,所以他很难看待他的福音。面对涌现的黄河,毛泽东情绪激动地说:“没有黄河,就不会有这样的国家!” 1948年3月,毛泽东率领中央政府从北山西北部的旺巴县楚库越过黄河,为人民解放军从战略辩护转变为战略进攻的前奏。当船到达河中时,毛泽东看着海浪,漩涡散发着气泡,猛烈猛扑,很长一段时间,深深地叹了口气:“你可以鄙视一切,但你不能鄙视黄河。鄙视黄河意味着鄙视我们的国家。”

在建立新中国之后,毛泽东首次访问北京的地方是黄河。从1952年10月25日至11月1日,毛泽东对河河的几个部分进行了野外调查,在山东和河南,黄河最受欢迎。 10月31日,毛泽东爬上黄河南岸和郑州北部的小山山,看着黄河持续了数千英里。这位领导人无数次谈论中国的革命和建设以及一生对河流的管理,在面对中国国家的母亲河时,表现出罕见的敬畏和审慎。他没有留下任何大胆的单词,例如“必须修复”和“比例”。他只是向负责人的相关人员解释了检查,并认真地解释了检查:“我们必须很好地完成黄河的工作!”

在治疗黄河时,Qian Zhengying也像母亲一样倾注了他的热情和关心。当她担任山东解放地区黄河事务局副董事和党秘书时,在预防和控制期间,她每天去堤防进行监督,并在晚上在办公室里等待水上条件,考虑反应并设置工作。她晚上三点钟上床睡觉,早上六点钟起床:“这是用整个身心来控制它。”几十年后,当她回顾过去时,她亲切地说:“当我深夜在办公室里等待着黄河的水状况报道时,我似乎正在听她的脉搏,渴望治愈她的创伤。我被黄河的伟大魅力所吸引,我爱上了她深深地爱上了她的水上和水库的职业。”

Qian Zhengying在接受作者的采访时也说了这么有趣的事情。 1948年9月,东中国野外军队解放了吉南。 CPC中国中国中国局局成员Zeng Shan兼东中国金融与经济办公室主任,带领一群干部接管了Jinan,并命令Qian Zhengying去Jinan接管Kuomintang的黄河事务局。在接管期间,一个保留的人告诉Qian Zhengying,他们的董事无法使用违反黄河的方法来阻挡嘴,因此他将自己的技能投入了文字中。只要他看到下属报道的材料,“口”一词的四个侧面没有连接,并且创造了“差距”,他就会拿起笔并小心地连接四个侧面,“封锁”“差距”。这也反映了Kuomintang机构和官员的无能和腐败。

随着解放战争的胜利,山东解放区,hebei-shand-henan解放区和Shanxi-Henan解放区逐渐建立了联系。黄河水库保护委员会是三个主要解放区的联合河流管理局,于1949年6月16日在吉南成立。Qian Zhengying参加了山东解放区的代表,当选为山东解放区的代表,并当选为黄河水库委员会的第一个成员。 Qian Zhengying是九个委员会成员中最年轻,唯一的女性。

黄河水库委员会第一成员的集体照片。从前排到右侧:Qian Zhengying,江扬康,彭Xiaoqian,Zhao Mingfu,王Huayun;从后排到右:由于事件而缺席。

Sanmenxia项目的建设和重建

由于沙子过多,由于淤泥而破碎的淤泥,淤泥由于淤泥而迁移。从历史上看,黄河下游存在“好淤泥,好淤泥,良好的迁徙”问题。黄河经常破裂和转移,被洪水淹没,并到达北部的天津,南部的Huai'an到达。它不仅会损失人民的生命和财产,而且还造成淤泥和破坏北岸的海河和南岸的Huaihe河的供水系统,因此也称为“中国的担忧”。

为了控制黄河的洪水并发展了新中国成立之后,中央政府雇用了苏联专家,并于1954年汇编了“关于黄河的全面利用计划的技术和经济报告”,并建议Sanmenxia Water Converancy Hub,这是黄河的主要项目。 1955年7月18日,第一届全国人民代表大会的第二届会议通过了“关于修复黄河水损害和黄河水库的综合计划的决议”,并决定建立Sanmenxia水库项目。这是中国人民政治咨询会议和全国人民代表大会首次审查并批准了历史上的主要建筑项目。副总理邓齐(Deng Zihui)的报告特别鼓舞人心。他不仅为1000多个国民大会绘制了一个宏伟的蓝图,而且他还宣布:“在短短的六年中,在Sanmenxia Reservoir完成后,这里的所有代表,全国各地的所有人都可以看到,这一天的人曾在雷河中遇到了数千年的众多人!并得到所有代表的欢呼声一致批准。许多人哭了起来,给Zhengying留下了深刻的印象。

当时黄河控制计划的指导意识形态是采用封锁和存储黄河淤泥的原则。首先,使用Sanmenxia的巨大储层能力,然后在Sanmenxia上方的主要支流中建造淤泥水库来协助存储。同时,大力进行土壤和节水工作,以减少淤泥和沙子的来源,从而维持主要和支流储层的寿命。根据该计划,Sanmenxia Water Conserancy Hub的设计储水水平高于海平面360米,相应的存储容量为647亿立方米。水库的回流末端到达西安附近,圭宗平原需要大量移民。由于我国家在建设大型水库项目方面缺乏经验,Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Hub委托了苏联设计。

Sanmenxia项目于1956年开始建设,但其设计计划越来越引起相关各方的怀疑,Shaanxi Province要求重新检查。 1958年4月,国务院在建筑工地进行了重新检查。经过讨论,每个人都认为污泥的阻塞措施不可靠,他们不确定预期的淤泥,而移民任务太大了。为了留出空间的空间,周·恩拉莱(Zhou Ellai)决定将原始计划更改为在360米高的350米的大坝设计和建造中,并将初始储水水平降低到335米,以限制回流水末端的影响并减少移民数量。

1960年9月,经过建筑商的辛勤工作,Sanmenxia大坝提前一年完成,并克服了苏联在技术援助中中断的困难,成功地自行安装了两个发电机套件,并且储层开始存储水并发电。但是,正如Qian Zhengying在1991年在Hohai大学老师和学生会议上的演讲中所说:“当Sanmenxia Reservoir成功投入生产和发电时,这是我们开始认识到我们的错误的日子。”实践证明,尽管已经对原始设计进行了修改以降低储能水平和储能容量,但淤泥淤泥的情况仍然比原始计划要严重得多。到1962年2月,仅一年半的时间就将15亿吨的淤泥淤塞了,而水库成为了“泥土”。从Sanmenxia到Tongguan的峡谷不仅峡谷很快延伸到上游,形成了“尾巴”。如果允许开发,它仍然可能威胁到西安。

Sanmenxia水库大坝

问题出现后,各方都有许多不同的讨论,并且没有达成共识。一些人完全肯定了这一点,认为应根据最初的计划,以减少主流中的淤泥和沙子的原始计划,在上游支流中继续进行泥浆。有些人完全否认了这一点,认为只有废除Sanmenxia才是出路。一些提出了各种转型计划。 1964年春天,CPC中央委员会邓小平秘书长去了西安。 Shaanxi省非常愤慨,并对Sanmenxia问题进行了激烈的讲话。邓小平(Deng Xiaoping)称黄河水库保护委员会主任王·夏(Wang Huayun)致电西安。 Wang Huayun说,要解决Sanmenxia的淤积问题,我们应该在上游建造沙坝,并在三年内建造两个。花更多的钱并迅速生效并不多。邓小平返回北京后,他指示中央秘书处制定计划。中央委员会秘书处举行会议的前一天晚上。你认为还可以吗? Qian Zhengying拒绝了,因为“花费很少的钱,时间不会那么快,效果效果不佳。” Peng Zhen再次问,您怎么看? Qian Zhengying说:“我愿意去现场调查并提出一项计划。” When Zhou Enlai returned from a visit to ten African countries, he ignored the fatigue of the journey and called Qian Zhengying late at night to ask Qian Zhengying to rush to the Prime Minister's office to inquire about the situation in Sanmenxia in detail, and solemnly conveyed Mao Zedong's opinion on "if it doesn't work, blow up the dam", which shocked Qian Zhengying.周·恩拉莱(Zhou Ellai)要求Qian Zhengying前往现场,尽快检查并提出解决方案。

在此期间,周·恩拉(Zhou Ellai)主动采取了责任,并亲自主持了讨论,鼓励专家面对现实和困难,并以彻底的唯物主义思想和严格的科学态度来修改黄河控制计划和Sanmenxia项目的错误。他说:“历史正在发展。黄河不能在中国旧。我们必须探讨法律,了解法律,掌握法律并不断解决冲突。有一天我们可以治愈黄河。我们必须有这个野心。”

经过一再研究和对Qian Zhengying和专家的实验,他终于提出了一个名为“清洁和清除泥泞”的计划。该计划对原始设计进行了根本的修改,将原始的储藏量和沙子阻塞更改为洪水拘留和沙子排放,也就是说,在大坝左侧建造了一条沙排水隧道。当洪水季节中有太多的水时,如果不需要防洪,将完全打开门以排干和排干沙子。在冬天,冬季几乎没有水和沙子,为了帮助下游防止冰洪水,可以适当地存放水。原始的高水头发电将被更改为低水位头发电,并且将两个原件安装的150,000 kilowatt高水头涡轮发电机被拆除并移至Danjiangkou水力发电站,以及50,000 kilowatt的低水位低水头头部水电涡轮机可以用于储层天然径流。重建计划是在周期Enlai的批准后实施的,该项目的第一阶段于1968年完成,并取得了重大结果。该项目的第二阶段始于1969年,于1973年完成。它不仅基本上解决了水库区域中“缩减”粉砂的问题,而且还使Sanmenxia项目仍然可以在洪水控制,防冰,灌溉和发电中发挥一定的全面利益,从而为我的国家提供和利用多人的经验。

1974年12月20日,《人民日报》发表了一份报告“ Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Hub项目的翻新工程已取得了最初的成功”,并在头版标题上是一个突出的位置。躺在医院床上的周·恩赖(Zhou Ellai)看了报告,并问来访的副总理吉·邓库(Ji Dengkui)打电话给Qian Zhengying。报纸上有关Sanmenxia的报告“是真的吗?” Qian Zhengying对麦克风兴奋地说:“请向总理报告,这是事实。我们基本上已经解决了Sanmenxia的问题,请放心!”

1974年12月20日《人民日报》的第一版

在Sanmenxia水库发生淤泥淤泥事故后,Qian Zhengying积极组织并大力促进了有关河粉淤泥问题的研究,同时着重于重建和反思,因此中国的淤泥研究逐渐达到了国际领先水平。

2012年,Qian Zhengying再次提到了我国在沉积物研究中未能在沉积物研究中取得成功的典型案例:“从Sanmenxia到Sanxia,在我国的水库和水力发电的建设中,这是我国家盲目地遵循外国国家到独立创新的两个典型例子。这两个典型的核心问题是河流的沉积物问题,是一个河流,这是一个国家,是我的河流。

Liujiaxia事故和“资本主义Roaders”出现

在“关于黄河的综合利用计划的技术和经济报告”和“修复黄河水损害和黄河水保护区的发展的综合计划”中,两者都计划在黄河上游层建立许多大规模的水保护项目,以控制洪水泛滥并发展水电。 Liujiaxia Water Conservancy Hub项目就是其中之一。这是黄河上游开发计划中的第七级级联电站,也是我国第一百万千瓦的大型水电站。

Liujiaxia位于Ganjing县Qilian山的Laji Mountain。黄河,宗龙河,黄苏河,达西亚河和陶河的汇合处。除了奇怪的山峰和成千上万的岩壁外,黄河向西流动也是这里的独特风景。 “黄河的水来自天空”,“黄河的水向东流动”,但是当它流到刘吉亚峡谷时,它有一个很大的转弯,向西流动,成为“九弯黄河”的歌曲。

1958年9月,Liujiaxia Water Conservancy Hub项目在苏联专家的协助下开始建设。后来,由于中苏苏联关系的细分,苏联专家撤回并取出了所有设计图,这使该项目无法继续并在1961年停止工作。后来,该州决定,该项目和设备将由我国家的相关部门和企业本身以及1964年恢复的项目恢复。

刘审项目恢复工作后不久,1966年,“文化大革命”爆发了。尽管工程建设受到了极大的影响,但它继续在“抓住革命并促进生产”的口号中执行。在数千英里外的水力发电部中,批评的浪潮席卷了每个角落,水力发电部的正常工作完全瘫痪了。 Qian Zhengying是水电系统中的第二个“权力派对”,被“击败”。在那个特殊时期,经常被见过的Qian Zhengying要么接受叛军的批评,要么在庭院中扫地。有时,当扫地时,有人来喊道:“ Qian Zhengying,去,总理要求您举行预防洪水会议。”因此,Qian Zhengying放下了她的扫帚,参加了会议。会议结束后,她拿起扫帚,继续扫地。周·恩赖(Zhou Ellai)与水与权力部军事控制委员会负责人进行了多次谈论“解放” Qian Zhengying问题,并亲自向水与权力部的叛军解释了Qian Zhengying的错误只是一个处决问题。 “如果最大的错误是,我们没有在大规模水控制,正确的接受,不良批评和特定实践方面拥有数千年的经验。这项责任应由我的总理承担,应受到批评。”

1968年,大多数了解业务的干部和技术人员都受到批评并“站在一边”,Liujiaxia Water Conservancy Hub项目在庆祝大门存储的锣声和鞭炮的声音中遭受了重大事故。门在底部没有关闭,水的流动速度越来越快。最后,它摧毁了转移隧道,从而导致储层无法储存水的严重后果。

在向国务院举行了在刘审水力发电站发生重大事故的大事故后,周·恩拉雷非常清楚,派遣不了解水保护业务的军事代表无法解决问题。他必须让理解业务的干部来主持事故处理工作,因此他想借此机会“解放”被“击败”的Qian Zhengying。在举行国务院特别会议以研究和处理刘审问题的特别会议之前,周·恩拉雷(Zhou Ellai)要求工作人员打电话给水和电力部军事控制委员会:“除军事代表外,是否有负责商业的部长级人士?您可以参加国务院议会会议吗?”因此,Qian Zhengying能够参加会议。在会议上,周·恩赖(Zhou Ellai)正式建议让Qian Zhengying出来工作,前往Liujiaxia处理事故。当时,尽管副总理李Xiannian非常支持让Qian Zhengying上班,但在这种混乱的情况下,他并不担心派她与Liujiaxia事故打交道,但Qian Zhengying却坚决地踏上了西方的旅程。

Qian Zhengying并没有让周·恩莱(Zhou Ellai)艰苦的努力感到失望。到达Liujiaxia后,她立即前往建筑工地,仔细检查了事故现场,召集了工程和技术人员来讨论对策,并决定了解决方案。最后,改道隧道的维修于10月14日完成,因此水库的问题无法解决水,从而确保了随后建造水力发电站。周·恩赖(Zhou Ellai)充满激情:“训练女部长并不容易,甚至更少受欢迎和专业!”

在Liujiaxia,Zhengying不仅处理了工程事故,而且还纠正了建筑工地的命令,强调关注项目质量并依靠工程和技术人员的重要性。 1969年,Liujiaxia的第一个单元已成功安装,并将发电投入生产中。 1974年,安装了五个单元并投入运营,并建造了所有Liujiaxia水力发电站。

Liujiaxia水电站

在刘审水电站建成后,当时它成为中国最大的水库和电力枢纽项目 - 一个147米高的水坝。就像坦曼人在海峡两侧的悬崖之间锁定,形成了一个巨大的水库,面积超过130平方公里,储存57亿立方米的水,可以灌溉超过1500万MU的农田;水电站的总安装功率为122.5亿千瓦,每年发电量为57亿千瓦时。强大的电流不断发送到甘努,shaanxi和Qinghai省。由于其巨大的经济和社会利益,壮观的峡谷风景和风景,刘吉亚西亚水库保护项目被称为“黄河的珍珠”和“高原的珍珠”。

在中途和上游不断促进土壤和节水工作

黄河中部和上游的黄土高原地区是中国国家的摇篮,也是革命的旧基地。这是我国一个重要的战略地点,从东部和西部领导,从中国东北过渡到西北。它也是世界上最严重的土壤侵蚀和最脆弱的生态环境的地区之一。在长期流动的水侵蚀后,它逐渐形成了成千上万个沟壑和沟壑以及碎片地形的特殊场景。生产不仅向后和人们生活在贫困中,而且已经排放的大量污垢和沙子已成为黄河下游造成灾难的根本原因。

因此,Qian Zhengying非常重视并不断促进黄河中部和上游的土壤和节水工作。 1973年,她主持了黄河中部的土壤和节水的一次会议。这是水力发电部在文化大革命期间举行的重要工作会议。 Qian Zhengying总结了会议,并确定当时土壤和水控制的关键县数量从100增加到115。从那时起,她一直提出了诸如“促进家庭河流盆地的治理”和“利用Sea Buckthorn资源的发展,以促进Loes loess placheau的政府的突破”。

在1978年第十一中央委员会举行了第十一中央委员会的第三届全体会议之后,改革和开放开始实施。农村改革的迹象之一是实施“家庭联合合同责任制度”,即向家庭签约财产并签约全职家庭,即土地财产权分为所有权和管理权。所有权仍然归集体经济组织所有,而农民将管理权分包为独立运营。家庭合同责任制度的实施纠正了高度集中管理和过度单一管理方法的长期缺点,并使农民能够从简单的工人转变为集体经济中的生产者和运营商,从而极大地动员了农民的热情,并更好地利用了工党和土地的潜力。 1982年1月1日,中国共产党中央委员会的第一文件清楚地指出,社会主义集体经济的生产责任制度是生产责任制度。

在颁布了第1号文件后,山西,内蒙古,shaanxi和其他地方创造性地实施了土壤和节水工作中的“家庭结合的小河流盆地治理”,即依靠成千上万的家庭来管理数千个沟渠。 1985年6月,在黄河中部和上游的土壤和节水工作研讨会上,Qian Zhengying听取了相关地区和科学研究机构的土壤和节水经验以及科学研究结果。经过调查,比较和研究后,他认为,小盆地的管理是农业生产合同责任制度在土壤和节水工作中的特定应用,这是土壤和节水工作的重大突破。它使山区的公众能够真正成为小盆地发展和治理的大师,并可以促进土壤和水。我们正式提出了在黄河中部和上游中“积极促进基于家庭的小河流域的治理”的土壤和供水工作的想法,提出了四个要求,并提出了四个要求,并提出了四个要求,以进一步巩固和改善管理责任的管理责任体系适应当地条件;强调“承包商必须通过治理看出,在不久的将来会有甜蜜,从长远来看,希望,从长远来看,并希望获得富人。”。

In June 1985, Qian Zhengying inspected the management of small river basins in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and took photos with the contracted farmers.

The implementation of "household management of small river basins" has greatly accelerated the progress of soil and water conservation and management. However, due to various reasons, the phenomenon of destruction while managing and destroying some places often occurs. Qian Zhengying believes that the most urgent task is to find a breakthrough to make the government's goal of water and water governance consistent with the people's goal of driving poverty and becoming rich, that is, to achieve mountain coverage and increase people's income. In the end, Qian Zhengying focused his attention on sea buckthorn. After personally conducting research and field investigations at the grassroots level in Shanxi, he decided to use the development of sea buckthorn as a breakthrough in controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.

Sea buckthorn is a shrub that is resistant to cold, drought and barren, and adapts to the environment of the Loess Plateau. The tillering spreads rapidly and can expand to the surrounding area about 2 meters every year. Usually, after four or five years of planting, the ground is slumped into a forest, and the underground roots can reach more than 10 meters, so it has a strong water and soil retention effect. For land covered by sea buckthorn, the surface runoff is reduced by 80%, the topsoil water erosion is reduced by 75%, and wind erosion is reduced by 85%. Sea buckthorn also has high economic value. It can produce 100 kilograms of fresh fruit per mu in wild state. The fruit is rich in various vitamins, especially the highest content of vitamin C. It is the title of "King of Vitamin C". It is an excellent raw material for processed beverages and foods. Therefore, it is also known as the "plateau holy fruit".

In order to quickly cultivate the sea buckthorn industry and accelerate the governance of the Loess Plateau, the Ministry of Hydropower has set up a sea buckthorn development management center with the goal of "developing a plant, cultivating an industry, restoring an ecology, and enriching the people". It has cooperated closely with the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Agriculture and other departments, scientific research institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relevant regions to carry out sea buckthorn cultivation, scientific research and commodity development. On November 16, 1985, Qian Zhengying submitted a special investigation report to the central leaders of "Using the development of sea buckthorn resources as a breakthrough to accelerate the governance of the Loess Plateau" in order to obtain instructions and support from the central government in the development and utilization of sea buckthorn. On November 27, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Hu Yaobang issued an instruction: "I agree to help with development." Qian Zhengying personally served as the leader of the newly established National Sea Buckthorn Development Coordination Group, and a wave of development and utilization of sea buckthorn has been set off in the country, especially in the northern region.

The implementation of "household management small river basins" and the promotion of sea buckthorn development and utilization have reversed the phenomenon of land reclamation, deforestation and deforestation of land reclamation in steep slopes in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. Various places have implemented the return of farmland to forests, returning farmland to pasture or returning farmland to grassland. The rural economic structure has begun to transform from a single agricultural operation to a variety of agricultural, animal husbandry and sideline fishery operations. While many places have initially solved the problem of food and clothing and ended the poverty history of "eating grain depends on resale and spending money depends on relief", soil and water conservation has also made great progress.

In August 2004, Qian Zhengying inspected the planting and development of sea buckthorn along the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.

Since then, Qian Zhengying has always paid attention to and supported the "household management of small river basins" and the development and utilization of sea buckthorn. Even after resigning as Minister of Hydropower and Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 1988, he has participated in relevant meetings and delivered speeches more than ten times in relevant regions or departments, and spared no effort to promote the in-depth development and utilization of these two tasks, especially the development and utilization of sea buckthorn. At present, the total area of ​​sea buckthorn in the country has reached 30 million mu, and there are 300 manufacturers of various sea buckthorn products, including dozens of products such as food, health products, medicines, cosmetics, etc., achieving mutual promotion and double harvest of ecological and economic benefits.

The Yellow River's cutoff and the "87th Water Partition Plan"

The "87-part Water Plan" was the Yellow River water supply distribution plan formulated in 1987 when Qian Zhengying was appointed Minister of Hydropower and Electricity, and was approved and implemented by the central government for the first time.

In the early days of liberation, the Yellow River water cited about 6 billion to 8 billion cubic meters each year in various parts of the Yellow River. It rose to 25 billion to 28 billion cubic meters in the early 1980s, an increase of about 20 billion cubic meters in more than 30 years. With the further development of industrial and agricultural production, the amount of water cited will continue to rise, and the contradiction between water use in the upstream and downstream will inevitably become increasingly acute. A very serious reality is that since 1971, the flow cuts have often occurred in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. In the 16 years, the flow cuts occurred in ten years, with a total of 130 days of flow cuts, and the frequency of flow cuts increased and the number of days increased year by year. At the same time, the lower reaches of the Yellow River are world-famous overground hanging rivers. The average sand volume in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is 1.6 billion tons in years, with about 1.2 billion tons of silt and sand entering the sea every year, and the river channel is silted by about 400 million tons, which has caused the riverbed and flood levels to rise year by year, and the flood threat is getting greater and greater. As the amount of water invoked increases, the amount of water entering the sea will be further reduced, thus making the river silt increasingly serious. Therefore, in order to manage the Yellow River and flood control, a certain amount of sand and seawater must be left, and the annual siltation level should be maintained as much as possible, so as not to accelerate the deterioration of the "suspended higher and higher" of the downstream hanging river.

In order to reduce the water use contradiction between the upstream and downstream, make the Yellow River water resources rationally utilize and obtain better economic and social benefits, and alleviate the downstream flow outage, the Ministry of Hydropower proposed the idea of ​​formulating a water distribution plan for the Yellow River in the early 1980s. Qian Zhengying believes that first we must study how much water is needed to maintain the life of the lower reaches of the Yellow River; then we can study how to allocate the Yellow River water resources so that all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities located in the upper, middle and lower reaches can withdraw water in a relatively reasonable and fair framework. In fact, this is a matter of water rights. After all, if you take in water and use more water in the upstream, you will have less or even no water in the downstream.

Therefore, based on years of investigation and research, the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission first determined that the annual average river runoff of the Yellow River, that is, natural incoming water volume, was 58 billion cubic meters. It required a total of 21 billion cubic meters of water to maintain the life of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, namely the river sand transport and ecological environment, etc., and the remaining annual water distribution of the entire river can be 37 billion cubic meters. However, in 1983, the water demand in 2000 proposed by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities along the river to the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission actually reached 74.7 billion cubic meters, more than twice the amount of water available for distribution in the Yellow River! In 1986, after various places reviewed and compressed as required, the proposed water demand still reached 60 billion cubic meters, which was much more than the available water supply of the Yellow River.

In 1987, the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Hydropower, based on the annual water available for distribution in the Yellow River and the actual water use of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities along the river in 1980, comprehensively considered the expansion of agricultural irrigation scale and the increase in industrial and urban water use in various places. According to the principles of water conservation, overall arrangements and the need to be combined with the possibility, after repeated consultations with the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and relevant departments along the river, the 37 billion cubic meters of river runoff that the Yellow River can distribute before the South-to-North Water Diversion Project took effect (see the table below), forming the "87th Water Parts Plan".

After the allocation plan was approved by the State Council in principle, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Notice of the General Office of the State Council forwarding the report of the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Hydropower on the distribution plan for the Yellow River's water supply", which became an important basis for relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities to formulate their respective water use plans, national economic and social development plans and industrial and agricultural production layout.

The Yellow River water supply allocation plan is the first macro-distribution plan for large rivers and river water resources in my country. It has conducted useful explorations to solve the very sensitive and difficult problem of the Yellow River water rights. Under the conditions at that time, it played a great role in strengthening water resource management and scheduling, implementing water intake permit system, promoting water conservation, and reducing water use disputes in the Northwest and North China, and also laid a solid foundation for further implementation of the Yellow River water scheduling plan ten years later.

On December 14, 1998, the National Development Plan Committee and the Ministry of Water Resources will formulate the "Yellow River Water Supply Annual Allocation and Main Flow Water Supply Scheduling Plan" and the "Yellow River Water Supply Scheduling Management Measures" based on the "87th Water Section Plan" and approved by the State Council. The relevant regions and departments will issue the water consumption in various places according to the sections, and the following Heyan, Shizuishan, Toudaoguai, Huayuankou, Gaoshu and Lijin Hydrological Stations will be the water control sections entering Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Shandong Province and the Hekou area; the main stream of the Yellow River Liujiaxia, Wanjiazhai, Sanmenxia, ​​Xiaolangdi, and the tributary Guxian, Luhun, Dongpinghu are responsible for organizing unified dispatch. In this way, since August 12, 1999, the Yellow River has never been cut off again.

In May 1993, Qian Zhengying laid the foundation for the Wanjiazhai Yellow River project in Shanxi.

/

Copyright © 2002-2025 AG旗舰厅网首页 版权所有 非商用版本  网站备案号:冀ICP备07016887号    网站地图